FIRST NAPHTOMETERS FOR DETERMINATION OF FLASH POINT OF LIQUIDS 4. CLOSED AND DISTILLATION TESTERS
Abstract
The American oil revolution of 1859 and the invention of a kerosene lamp contributed to the onset of the kerosene era when candle lighting was replaced by kerosene. The side effect of this was the growth of fires and explosions due to the use of unsafe kerosene. There was a need to develop criteria for safe kerosene. The fire (burning) and flash point of kerosene were chosen as such indicators. The first stage of creating instruments to determine these indicators began in 1862 and ended at the beginning of the 20th century. This stage is characterized by the development of apparatuses of various designs, one of which were closed and distillation testers. The article discusses both the world renowned closed apparatuses of Abel, Abel-Pensky, Pensky-Martens, Tag and their modifications, and a little known closed devices of Letheby, St. Lucia, Engler-Parrish, Vette, Klee, Gray, Leeses, Engler, Hofmann, Pease, Scott and Gawalowsky, which has not survived to the present day, but the ideas embodied in these devices are being successfully used at present.
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